The author illustrates the problems of privileges for selected professional groups, which entitle them, inter alia, to early retirement, based on legal regulations. The purpose of the article is, in particular, to answer the main research question: Are the privileged pension rights for selected professional groups justified in the context of the principles set out in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland? The aim is also to demonstrate that such a wide range of privileges releasing selected professional groups from the obligation to pay insurance premiums and entitling them to early retirement are very costly and destructive factors for the entire system and for all the insured in the common pension system. The conclusions of the study present the author’s views that suggest the elimination of the majority of privileges and the development of a universal, uniform and coherent model of social security system covering all professional groups. Only particularly burdensome or harmful working conditions, significantly affecting health, could constitute an exception in this area.